diff --git a/include/audacity/EffectInterface.h b/include/audacity/EffectInterface.h
index a4f14357a..2db9ff1a7 100755
--- a/include/audacity/EffectInterface.h
+++ b/include/audacity/EffectInterface.h
@@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ class AUDACITY_DLL_API EffectClientInterface  /* not final */ : public EffectDef
 {
 public:
    using EffectDialogFactory = std::function<
-      wxDialog* ( wxWindow*, EffectHostInterface*, EffectUIClientInterface* )
+      wxDialog* ( wxWindow &parent,
+         EffectHostInterface*, EffectUIClientInterface* )
    >;
 
    virtual ~EffectClientInterface() {};
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ public:
    virtual bool RealtimeProcessEnd() = 0;
 
    virtual bool ShowInterface(
-      wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory,
+      wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory,
       bool forceModal = false
    ) = 0;
    // Some effects will use define params to define what parameters they take.
diff --git a/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp b/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
index 976ff3b50..f6fa6be36 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ void MacroCommandDialog::OnEditParams(wxCommandEvent & WXUNUSED(event))
    auto command = mInternalCommandName;
    wxString params  = mParameters->GetValue();
 
-   params = MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(command, params, this).Trim();
+   params = MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(command, params, *this).Trim();
 
    mParameters->SetValue(params);
    mParameters->Refresh();
diff --git a/src/BatchCommands.cpp b/src/BatchCommands.cpp
index cc8278199..37a80a698 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommands.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchCommands.cpp
@@ -438,7 +438,8 @@ wxString MacroCommands::GetCurrentParamsFor(const CommandID & command)
    return EffectManager::Get().GetEffectParameters(ID);
 }
 
-wxString MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(const CommandID & command, const wxString & params, wxWindow *parent)
+wxString MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(
+   const CommandID & command, const wxString & params, wxWindow &parent)
 {
    const PluginID & ID =
       EffectManager::Get().GetEffectByIdentifier(command);
diff --git a/src/BatchCommands.h b/src/BatchCommands.h
index 61ee72b6f..80fa12674 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommands.h
+++ b/src/BatchCommands.h
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ class MacroCommands final {
    static wxArrayStringEx GetNamesOfDefaultMacros();
 
    static wxString GetCurrentParamsFor(const CommandID & command);
-   static wxString PromptForParamsFor(const CommandID & command, const wxString & params, wxWindow *parent);
+   static wxString PromptForParamsFor(
+      const CommandID & command, const wxString & params, wxWindow &parent);
    static wxString PromptForPresetFor(const CommandID & command, const wxString & params, wxWindow *parent);
 
    // These commands do depend on the command list.
diff --git a/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp b/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
index 0fcecfb39..cadec9b51 100644
--- a/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ void MacrosWindow::OnEditCommandParams(wxCommandEvent & WXUNUSED(event))
    auto command = mMacroCommands.GetCommand(item);
    wxString params  = mMacroCommands.GetParams(item);
 
-   params = MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(command, params, this).Trim();
+   params = MacroCommands::PromptForParamsFor(command, params, *this).Trim();
    Raise();
 
    mMacroCommands.DeleteFromMacro(item);
diff --git a/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp b/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
index 9463f9c63..e9d617ea6 100644
--- a/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ bool EffectChangePitch::Process()
       proxy.mProxyEffectName = XO("High Quality Pitch Change");
       proxy.setParameters(1.0, pitchRatio);
 
-      return Delegate(proxy, mUIParent, nullptr);
+      return Delegate(proxy, *mUIParent, nullptr);
    }
    else
 #endif
diff --git a/src/effects/ChangeTempo.cpp b/src/effects/ChangeTempo.cpp
index 87e2a31e5..fb9f008dd 100644
--- a/src/effects/ChangeTempo.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/ChangeTempo.cpp
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ bool EffectChangeTempo::Process()
       EffectSBSMS proxy;
       proxy.mProxyEffectName = XO("High Quality Tempo Change");
       proxy.setParameters(tempoRatio, 1.0);
-      success = Delegate(proxy, mUIParent, nullptr);
+      success = Delegate(proxy, *mUIParent, nullptr);
    }
    else
 #endif
diff --git a/src/effects/Effect.cpp b/src/effects/Effect.cpp
index 9ab545591..1c1d71359 100644
--- a/src/effects/Effect.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/Effect.cpp
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ bool Effect::RealtimeProcessEnd()
    return true;
 }
 
-bool Effect::ShowInterface(wxWindow *parent,
+bool Effect::ShowInterface(wxWindow &parent,
    const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    if (!IsInteractive())
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ void Effect::SetBatchProcessing(bool start)
    }
 }
 
-bool Effect::DoEffect(wxWindow *parent,
+bool Effect::DoEffect(wxWindow &parent,
                       double projectRate,
                       TrackList *list,
                       TrackFactory *factory,
@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ bool Effect::DoEffect(wxWindow *parent,
 }
 
 bool Effect::Delegate(
-   Effect &delegate, wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory )
+   Effect &delegate, wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory )
 {
    NotifyingSelectedRegion region;
    region.setTimes( mT0, mT1 );
diff --git a/src/effects/Effect.h b/src/effects/Effect.h
index 3942fa3a3..7bfa1c7f8 100644
--- a/src/effects/Effect.h
+++ b/src/effects/Effect.h
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class AUDACITY_DLL_API Effect /* not final */ : public wxEvtHandler,
                                        size_t numSamples) override;
    bool RealtimeProcessEnd() override;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool GetAutomationParameters(CommandParameters & parms) override;
@@ -255,12 +255,12 @@ class AUDACITY_DLL_API Effect /* not final */ : public wxEvtHandler,
    // have the "selected" flag set to true, which is consistent with
    // Audacity's standard UI.
    // Create a user interface only if the supplied function is not null.
-   /* not virtual */ bool DoEffect(wxWindow *parent, double projectRate, TrackList *list,
+   /* not virtual */ bool DoEffect(wxWindow &parent, double projectRate, TrackList *list,
       TrackFactory *factory, NotifyingSelectedRegion &selectedRegion,
       const EffectDialogFactory &dialogFactory );
 
    bool Delegate( Effect &delegate,
-      wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory );
+      wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory );
 
    virtual bool IsHidden();
 
diff --git a/src/effects/EffectManager.cpp b/src/effects/EffectManager.cpp
index 0d7d2bd08..885cc6773 100644
--- a/src/effects/EffectManager.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/EffectManager.cpp
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ bool EffectManager::SetEffectParameters(const PluginID & ID, const wxString & pa
 
 bool EffectManager::PromptUser(
    const PluginID & ID,
-   const EffectClientInterface::EffectDialogFactory &factory, wxWindow *parent)
+   const EffectClientInterface::EffectDialogFactory &factory, wxWindow &parent)
 {
    bool result = false;
    Effect *effect = GetEffect(ID);
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ bool EffectManager::PromptUser(
 
    if (command)
    {
-      result = command->PromptUser(parent);
+      result = command->PromptUser(&parent);
       return result;
    }
 
diff --git a/src/effects/EffectManager.h b/src/effects/EffectManager.h
index d206971ab..ea3f3be3e 100644
--- a/src/effects/EffectManager.h
+++ b/src/effects/EffectManager.h
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public:
    bool SetEffectParameters(const PluginID & ID, const wxString & params);
    bool PromptUser( const PluginID & ID,
       const EffectClientInterface::EffectDialogFactory &factory,
-      wxWindow *parent );
+      wxWindow &parent );
    bool HasPresets(const PluginID & ID);
    wxString GetPreset(const PluginID & ID, const wxString & params, wxWindow * parent);
    wxString GetDefaultPreset(const PluginID & ID);
diff --git a/src/effects/EffectUI.cpp b/src/effects/EffectUI.cpp
index 15a6bb6ff..cf0253c1a 100644
--- a/src/effects/EffectUI.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/EffectUI.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "Effect.h"
 #include "EffectManager.h"
 #include "../ProjectHistory.h"
+#include "../ProjectWindowBase.h"
 #include "../TrackPanelAx.h"
 #include "RealtimeEffectManager.h"
 
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ void EffectRack::OnEditor(wxCommandEvent & evt)
    }
 
    auto pEffect = mEffects[index];
-   pEffect->ShowInterface( GetParent(), EffectUI::DialogFactory,
+   pEffect->ShowInterface( *GetParent(), EffectUI::DialogFactory,
       pEffect->IsBatchProcessing() );
 }
 
@@ -1812,15 +1813,22 @@ void EffectUIHost::CleanupRealtime()
    }
 }
 
-wxDialog *EffectUI::DialogFactory( wxWindow *parent, EffectHostInterface *pHost,
+wxDialog *EffectUI::DialogFactory( wxWindow &parent, EffectHostInterface *pHost,
    EffectUIClientInterface *client)
 {
    auto pEffect = dynamic_cast< Effect* >( pHost );
    if ( ! pEffect )
       return nullptr;
 
+   // Make sure there is an associated project, whose lifetime will
+   // govern the lifetime of the dialog, even when the dialog is
+   // non-modal, as for realtime effects
+   auto project = FindProjectFromWindow(&parent);
+   if ( !project )
+      return nullptr;
+
    Destroy_ptr<EffectUIHost> dlg{
-      safenew EffectUIHost{ parent, pEffect, client} };
+      safenew EffectUIHost{ &parent, pEffect, client} };
    
    if (dlg->Initialize())
    {
@@ -1913,7 +1921,7 @@ wxDialog *EffectUI::DialogFactory( wxWindow *parent, EffectHostInterface *pHost,
          EffectRack::Get( context.project ).Add(effect);
       }
 #endif
-      success = effect->DoEffect(&window,
+      success = effect->DoEffect(window,
          rate,
          &tracks,
          &trackFactory,
diff --git a/src/effects/EffectUI.h b/src/effects/EffectUI.h
index b51cf70b2..fac23d5ed 100644
--- a/src/effects/EffectUI.h
+++ b/src/effects/EffectUI.h
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class CommandContext;
 
 namespace  EffectUI {
 
-   wxDialog *DialogFactory( wxWindow *parent, EffectHostInterface *pHost,
+   wxDialog *DialogFactory( wxWindow &parent, EffectHostInterface *pHost,
       EffectUIClientInterface *client);
 
    /** Run an effect given the plugin ID */
diff --git a/src/effects/NoiseReduction.cpp b/src/effects/NoiseReduction.cpp
index 71291f6f9..d6b81f145 100644
--- a/src/effects/NoiseReduction.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/NoiseReduction.cpp
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public:
    ~Settings() {}
 
    bool PromptUser(EffectNoiseReduction *effect,
-      wxWindow *parent, bool bHasProfile, bool bAllowTwiddleSettings);
+      wxWindow &parent, bool bHasProfile, bool bAllowTwiddleSettings);
    bool PrefsIO(bool read);
    bool Validate(EffectNoiseReduction *effect) const;
 
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ bool EffectNoiseReduction::CheckWhetherSkipEffect()
 }
 
 bool EffectNoiseReduction::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &, bool forceModal)
 {
    // to do: use forceModal correctly
 
@@ -474,11 +474,11 @@ bool EffectNoiseReduction::ShowInterface(
 }
 
 bool EffectNoiseReduction::Settings::PromptUser
-(EffectNoiseReduction *effect, wxWindow *parent,
+(EffectNoiseReduction *effect, wxWindow &parent,
  bool bHasProfile, bool bAllowTwiddleSettings)
 {
    EffectNoiseReduction::Dialog dlog
-      (effect, this, parent, bHasProfile, bAllowTwiddleSettings);
+      (effect, this, &parent, bHasProfile, bAllowTwiddleSettings);
 
    dlog.CentreOnParent();
    dlog.ShowModal();
diff --git a/src/effects/NoiseReduction.h b/src/effects/NoiseReduction.h
index 105d1dccf..f289765fe 100644
--- a/src/effects/NoiseReduction.h
+++ b/src/effects/NoiseReduction.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public:
 
 //   using Effect::TrackProgress;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool Init() override;
diff --git a/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.cpp b/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.cpp
index fd2a6c790..c05f18ed1 100644
--- a/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.cpp
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ bool EffectNoiseRemoval::CheckWhetherSkipEffect()
 }
 
 bool EffectNoiseRemoval::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &, bool forceModal  /* forceModal */ )
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &, bool forceModal  /* forceModal */ )
 {
    // to do: use forceModal correctly
-   NoiseRemovalDialog dlog(this, parent);
+   NoiseRemovalDialog dlog(this, &parent);
    dlog.mSensitivity = mSensitivity;
    dlog.mGain = -mNoiseGain;
    dlog.mFreq = mFreqSmoothingHz;
diff --git a/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.h b/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.h
index ada089852..478629daa 100644
--- a/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.h
+++ b/src/effects/NoiseRemoval.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public:
 
    // Effect implementation
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
    bool Init() override;
    bool CheckWhetherSkipEffect() override;
diff --git a/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.cpp b/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.cpp
index 1905cc089..904b0389b 100644
--- a/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.cpp
@@ -1602,7 +1602,7 @@ bool VSTEffect::RealtimeProcessEnd()
 /// all provide the information (kn0ck0ut is one).
 ///
 bool VSTEffect::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    if (mDialog)
    {
diff --git a/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.h b/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.h
index 1831cb325..f31306f98 100644
--- a/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.h
+++ b/src/effects/VST/VSTEffect.h
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class VSTEffect final : public wxEvtHandler,
                                        size_t numSamples) override;
    bool RealtimeProcessEnd() override;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool GetAutomationParameters(CommandParameters & parms) override;
diff --git a/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.cpp b/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.cpp
index 56fa25107..96a28e73f 100644
--- a/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.cpp
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@ bool AudioUnitEffect::RealtimeProcessEnd()
 }
 
 bool AudioUnitEffect::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    if (mDialog)
    {
diff --git a/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.h b/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.h
index 0db9e41d0..754a960be 100644
--- a/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.h
+++ b/src/effects/audiounits/AudioUnitEffect.h
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public:
                                        size_t numSamples) override;
    bool RealtimeProcessEnd() override;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool GetAutomationParameters(CommandParameters & parms) override;
diff --git a/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.cpp b/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.cpp
index 9c9391208..6a18481a0 100644
--- a/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.cpp
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ bool LadspaEffect::RealtimeProcessEnd()
 }
 
 bool LadspaEffect::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    if (mDialog)
    {
diff --git a/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.h b/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.h
index 4e75d4d04..0cd7847ad 100644
--- a/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.h
+++ b/src/effects/ladspa/LadspaEffect.h
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public:
                                        size_t numSamples) override;
    bool RealtimeProcessEnd() override;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool GetAutomationParameters(CommandParameters & parms) override;
diff --git a/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.cpp b/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.cpp
index ff8903f14..777b97c25 100755
--- a/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.cpp
@@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@ bool LV2Effect::RealtimeProcessEnd()
 }
 
 bool LV2Effect::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    if (mDialog)
    {
diff --git a/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.h b/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.h
index f07a8bf3a..c3e0628e7 100755
--- a/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.h
+++ b/src/effects/lv2/LV2Effect.h
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ public:
    size_t RealtimeProcess(int group, float **inbuf, float **outbuf, size_t numSamples) override;
    bool RealtimeProcessEnd() override;
 
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
 
    bool GetAutomationParameters(CommandParameters & parms) override;
diff --git a/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.cpp b/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.cpp
index 91d5ad743..1e53463a5 100644
--- a/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.cpp
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ finish:
 }
 
 bool NyquistEffect::ShowInterface(
-   wxWindow *parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
+   wxWindow &parent, const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal)
 {
    // Show the normal (prompt or effect) interface
    bool res = Effect::ShowInterface(parent, factory, forceModal);
diff --git a/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.h b/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.h
index 6d7c9d613..b1ac01af4 100644
--- a/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.h
+++ b/src/effects/nyquist/Nyquist.h
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public:
    bool Init() override;
    bool CheckWhetherSkipEffect() override;
    bool Process() override;
-   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow *parent,
+   bool ShowInterface( wxWindow &parent,
       const EffectDialogFactory &factory, bool forceModal = false) override;
    void PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S) override;
    bool TransferDataToWindow() override;