diff --git a/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp b/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
index b8dd0a3c4..ba3c5ca7a 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchCommandDialog.cpp
@@ -207,7 +207,8 @@ void MacroCommandDialog::OnItemSelected(wxListEvent &event)
    // Later we can put help information there, perhaps.
    // Macro command details are one place that we do expose Identifier
    // to (more sophisticated) users
-   mDetails->SetValue( mInternalCommandName.GET() + "\r\n" + command.category  );
+   mDetails->SetValue(
+      mInternalCommandName.GET() + "\r\n" + command.category.Translation()  );
    mParameters->SetValue(params);
 }
 
@@ -249,7 +250,8 @@ void MacroCommandDialog::SetCommandAndParams(const CommandID &Command, const wxS
       // using GET to expose a CommandID to the user!
       // Macro command details are one place that we do expose Identifier
       // to (more sophisticated) users
-      mDetails->SetValue( iter->name.Internal() + "\r\n" + iter->category  );
+      mDetails->SetValue(
+         iter->name.Internal() + "\r\n" + iter->category.Translation()  );
       mChoices->SetItemState(iter - mCatalog.begin(),
                              wxLIST_STATE_SELECTED, wxLIST_STATE_SELECTED);
 
diff --git a/src/BatchCommands.cpp b/src/BatchCommands.cpp
index 92a0ca3b7..3db649396 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommands.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchCommands.cpp
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ MacroCommandsCatalog::MacroCommandsCatalog( const AudacityProject *project )
    for( const auto &command : SpecialCommands )
       commands.push_back( {
          { command.second, command.first },
-         _("Special Command")
+         XO("Special Command")
       } );
 
    // end CLEANSPEECH remnant
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ MacroCommandsCatalog::MacroCommandsCatalog( const AudacityProject *project )
             commands.push_back( {
                { command, plug->GetSymbol().Msgid() },
                plug->GetPluginType() == PluginTypeEffect ?
-                  _("Effect") : _("Menu Command (With Parameters)")
+                  XO("Effect") : XO("Menu Command (With Parameters)")
             } );
          plug = pm.GetNextPlugin(PluginTypeEffect|PluginTypeAudacityCommand);
       }
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ MacroCommandsCatalog::MacroCommandsCatalog( const AudacityProject *project )
                   mNames[i], // Internal name.
                   label // User readable name
                },
-               _("Menu Command (No Parameters)")
+               XO("Menu Command (No Parameters)")
             }
          );
       }
diff --git a/src/BatchCommands.h b/src/BatchCommands.h
index 7d922c279..40d7352ef 100644
--- a/src/BatchCommands.h
+++ b/src/BatchCommands.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public:
    // A triple of user-visible name, internal string identifier and type/help string.
    struct Entry {
       ComponentInterfaceSymbol name;
-      wxString category;
+      TranslatableString category;
    };
    using Entries = std::vector<Entry>;
 
diff --git a/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp b/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
index d94085b81..a54f7d348 100644
--- a/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
+++ b/src/BatchProcessDialog.cpp
@@ -965,8 +965,8 @@ void MacrosWindow::OnAdd(wxCommandEvent & WXUNUSED(event))
 {
    while (true) {
       AudacityTextEntryDialog d(this,
-                          _("Enter name of new macro"),
-                          _("Name of new macro"));
+         XO("Enter name of new macro"),
+         XO("Name of new macro"));
       d.SetName(d.GetTitle());
       wxString name;
 
diff --git a/src/CrashReport.cpp b/src/CrashReport.cpp
index f6294ff1f..7809957b3 100644
--- a/src/CrashReport.cpp
+++ b/src/CrashReport.cpp
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ void Generate(wxDebugReport::Context ctx)
    
    if (ok && rpt.Process())
    {
-      AudacityTextEntryDialog dlg(NULL,
-                                  _("Report generated to:"),
-                                  _("Audacity Support Data"),
-                                  rpt.GetCompressedFileName(),
-                                  wxOK | wxCENTER);
+      AudacityTextEntryDialog dlg(nullptr,
+         XO("Report generated to:"),
+         XO("Audacity Support Data"),
+         rpt.GetCompressedFileName(),
+         wxOK | wxCENTER);
       dlg.SetName(dlg.GetTitle());
       dlg.ShowModal();
       
diff --git a/src/FFT.cpp b/src/FFT.cpp
index 6441e31c4..984bc9c40 100644
--- a/src/FFT.cpp
+++ b/src/FFT.cpp
@@ -332,30 +332,39 @@ int NumWindowFuncs()
    return eWinFuncCount;
 }
 
-const wxChar *WindowFuncName(int whichFunction)
+const TranslatableString WindowFuncName(int whichFunction)
 {
    switch (whichFunction) {
    default:
    case eWinFuncRectangular:
-      return _("Rectangular");
+      return XO("Rectangular");
    case eWinFuncBartlett:
-      return wxT("Bartlett");
+      /* i18n-hint a proper name */
+      return XO("Bartlett");
    case eWinFuncHamming:
-      return wxT("Hamming");
+      /* i18n-hint a proper name */
+      return XO("Hamming");
    case eWinFuncHanning:
-      return wxT("Hann");
+      /* i18n-hint a proper name */
+      return XO("Hann");
    case eWinFuncBlackman:
-      return wxT("Blackman");
+      /* i18n-hint a proper name */
+      return XO("Blackman");
    case eWinFuncBlackmanHarris:
-      return wxT("Blackman-Harris");
+      /* i18n-hint two proper names */
+      return XO("Blackman-Harris");
    case eWinFuncWelch:
-      return wxT("Welch");
+      /* i18n-hint a proper name */
+      return XO("Welch");
    case eWinFuncGaussian25:
-      return wxT("Gaussian(a=2.5)");
+      /* i18n-hint a mathematical function named for C. F. Gauss */
+      return XO("Gaussian(a=2.5)");
    case eWinFuncGaussian35:
-      return wxT("Gaussian(a=3.5)");
+      /* i18n-hint a mathematical function named for C. F. Gauss */
+      return XO("Gaussian(a=3.5)");
    case eWinFuncGaussian45:
-      return wxT("Gaussian(a=4.5)");
+      /* i18n-hint a mathematical function named for C. F. Gauss */
+      return XO("Gaussian(a=4.5)");
    }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/FFT.h b/src/FFT.h
index 2aba3f8b0..7acc6fa30 100644
--- a/src/FFT.h
+++ b/src/FFT.h
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 
 #include <wx/defs.h>
 
+class TranslatableString;
+
 /*
   Salvo Ventura - November 2006
   Added more window functions:
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ void DerivativeOfWindowFunc(int whichFunction, size_t NumSamples, bool extraSamp
  * Returns the name of the windowing function (for UI display)
  */
 
-const wxChar *WindowFuncName(int whichFunction);
+const TranslatableString WindowFuncName(int whichFunction);
 
 /*
  * Returns the number of windowing functions supported
diff --git a/src/FreqWindow.cpp b/src/FreqWindow.cpp
index ff76bed52..c8a0e3970 100644
--- a/src/FreqWindow.cpp
+++ b/src/FreqWindow.cpp
@@ -241,10 +241,11 @@ FrequencyPlotDialog::FrequencyPlotDialog(wxWindow * parent, wxWindowID id,
    wxArrayStringEx funcChoices;
    for (int i = 0, cnt = NumWindowFuncs(); i < cnt; i++)
    {
-      /* i18n-hint: This refers to a "window function",
-       * such as Hann or Rectangular, used in the
-       * Frequency analyze dialog box. */
-      funcChoices.push_back(wxString::Format("%s window",  WindowFuncName(i) ) );
+      funcChoices.push_back(
+         /* i18n-hint: This refers to a "window function",
+          * such as Hann or Rectangular, used in the
+          * Frequency analyze dialog box. */
+         XO("%s window").Format( WindowFuncName(i) ).Translation() );
    }
 
    wxArrayStringEx axisChoices{
@@ -949,35 +950,32 @@ void FrequencyPlotDialog::PlotPaint(wxPaintEvent & event)
          value = mAnalyst->GetProcessedValue(xPos, xPos + xStep);
       }
 
-      wxString cursor;
-      wxString peak;
-      wxString xpitch;
-      wxString peakpitch;
-      const wxChar *xp;
-      const wxChar *pp;
+      TranslatableString cursor;
+      TranslatableString peak;
 
       if (mAlg == SpectrumAnalyst::Spectrum) {
-         xpitch = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(xPos));
-         peakpitch = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(bestpeak));
-         xp = xpitch;
-         pp = peakpitch;
+         auto xp = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(xPos));
+         auto pp = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(bestpeak));
          /* i18n-hint: The %d's are replaced by numbers, the %s by musical notes, e.g. A#*/
-         cursor.Printf(_("%d Hz (%s) = %d dB"), (int)(xPos + 0.5), xp, (int)(value + 0.5));
-         peak.Printf(_("%d Hz (%s) = %.1f dB"), (int)(bestpeak + 0.5), pp, bestValue);
+         cursor = XO("%d Hz (%s) = %d dB")
+            .Format( (int)(xPos + 0.5), xp, (int)(value + 0.5));
+         /* i18n-hint: The %d's are replaced by numbers, the %s by musical notes, e.g. A#*/
+         peak = XO("%d Hz (%s) = %.1f dB")
+            .Format( (int)(bestpeak + 0.5), pp, bestValue );
       } else if (xPos > 0.0 && bestpeak > 0.0) {
-         xpitch = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(1.0 / xPos));
-         peakpitch = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(1.0 / bestpeak));
-         xp = xpitch;
-         pp = peakpitch;
+         auto xp = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(1.0 / xPos));
+         auto pp = PitchName_Absolute(FreqToMIDInote(1.0 / bestpeak));
          /* i18n-hint: The %d's are replaced by numbers, the %s by musical notes, e.g. A#
           * the %.4f are numbers, and 'sec' should be an abbreviation for seconds */
-         cursor.Printf(_("%.4f sec (%d Hz) (%s) = %f"),
-                     xPos, (int)(1.0 / xPos + 0.5), xp, value);
-         peak.Printf(_("%.4f sec (%d Hz) (%s) = %.3f"),
-                     bestpeak, (int)(1.0 / bestpeak + 0.5), pp, bestValue);
+         cursor = XO("%.4f sec (%d Hz) (%s) = %f")
+            .Format( xPos, (int)(1.0 / xPos + 0.5), xp, value );
+         /* i18n-hint: The %d's are replaced by numbers, the %s by musical notes, e.g. A#
+          * the %.4f are numbers, and 'sec' should be an abbreviation for seconds */
+         peak = XO("%.4f sec (%d Hz) (%s) = %.3f")
+            .Format( bestpeak, (int)(1.0 / bestpeak + 0.5), pp, bestValue );
       }
-      mCursorText->SetValue(cursor);
-      mPeakText->SetValue(peak);
+      mCursorText->SetValue( cursor.Translation() );
+      mPeakText->SetValue( peak.Translation() );
    }
    else {
       mCursorText->SetValue(wxT(""));
diff --git a/src/LabelDialog.cpp b/src/LabelDialog.cpp
index ab2520a70..cb3c94b28 100644
--- a/src/LabelDialog.cpp
+++ b/src/LabelDialog.cpp
@@ -812,10 +812,10 @@ void LabelDialog::OnChangeTrack(wxGridEvent & WXUNUSED(event), int row, RowData
    // User selected the "New..." choice so ask for a NEW name
    if ( make_iterator_range( mTrackNames ).index( val ) == 0 ) {
       AudacityTextEntryDialog d(this,
-                          _("New Label Track"),
-                          _("Enter track name"),
-                          /* i18n-hint: (noun) it's the name of a kind of track.*/
-                          _("Label Track"));
+         XO("New Label Track"),
+         XO("Enter track name"),
+         /* i18n-hint: (noun) it's the name of a kind of track.*/
+         XO("Label Track").Translation());
 
       // User canceled so repopulating the grid will set the track
       // name to the orignal value
diff --git a/src/PitchName.cpp b/src/PitchName.cpp
index 72df476c3..37871a0fc 100644
--- a/src/PitchName.cpp
+++ b/src/PitchName.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int PitchOctave(const double dMIDInote)
 }
 
 
-wxString PitchName(const double dMIDInote, const PitchNameChoice choice)
+TranslatableString PitchName(const double dMIDInote, const PitchNameChoice choice)
 {
    static const TranslatableString sharpnames[12] = {
       /* i18n-hint: Name of a musical note in the 12-tone chromatic scale */
@@ -148,14 +148,14 @@ wxString PitchName(const double dMIDInote, const PitchNameChoice choice)
       default: wxASSERT(false); break;
    }
 
-   return table[PitchIndex(dMIDInote)].Translation();
+   return table[PitchIndex(dMIDInote)];
 }
 
-wxString PitchName_Absolute(const double dMIDInote, const PitchNameChoice choice)
+TranslatableString PitchName_Absolute(const double dMIDInote, const PitchNameChoice choice)
 {
    // The format string is not localized.  Should it be?
-   return wxString::Format(
-      wxT("%s%d"), PitchName(dMIDInote, choice), PitchOctave(dMIDInote) );
+   return Verbatim( wxT("%s%d") )
+      .Format( PitchName(dMIDInote, choice), PitchOctave(dMIDInote) );
 }
 
 double PitchToMIDInote(const unsigned int nPitchIndex, const int nPitchOctave)
diff --git a/src/PitchName.h b/src/PitchName.h
index 8d97273ea..24ed88de9 100644
--- a/src/PitchName.h
+++ b/src/PitchName.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #ifndef __AUDACITY_PITCHNAME__
 #define __AUDACITY_PITCHNAME__
 
-class wxString;
+class TranslatableString;
 
 // FreqToMIDInote takes a frequency in Hz (exponential scale relative to
 // alphabetic pitch names) and returns a pitch ID number (linear
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ enum class PitchNameChoice { Sharps, Flats, Both };
 
 // PitchName takes dMIDInote (per result from
 // FreqToMIDInote) and returns a standard pitch/note name [C, C#, etc.).
-wxString PitchName(
+TranslatableString PitchName(
    const double dMIDInote,
    const PitchNameChoice choice = PitchNameChoice::Sharps );
 
 // PitchName_Absolute does the same thing as PitchName, but appends
 // the octave number, e.g., instead of "C" it will return "C4"
 // if the dMIDInote corresonds to middle C, i.e., is 60.
-wxString PitchName_Absolute(
+TranslatableString PitchName_Absolute(
    const double dMIDInote,
    const PitchNameChoice choice = PitchNameChoice::Sharps);
 
diff --git a/src/Tags.cpp b/src/Tags.cpp
index d67382cee..4fc1fecce 100644
--- a/src/Tags.cpp
+++ b/src/Tags.cpp
@@ -735,33 +735,15 @@ private:
 #define LABEL_GENRE     XO("Genre")
 #define LABEL_COMMENTS  XO("Comments")
 
-static wxArrayString names()
-{
-   static TranslatableString theNames[] =
-   {
-      LABEL_ARTIST,
-      LABEL_TITLE,
-      LABEL_ALBUM,
-      LABEL_TRACK,
-      LABEL_YEAR,
-      LABEL_GENRE,
-      LABEL_COMMENTS
-   };
-
-   class NamesArray final : public TranslatableStringArray
-   {
-      void Populate() override
-      {
-         for (auto &name : theNames)
-            mContents.push_back( name.Translation() );
-      }
-   };
-
-   static NamesArray theArray;
-
-   // Yes, return array by value
-   return theArray.Get();
-}
+static TranslatableStrings names{
+   LABEL_ARTIST,
+   LABEL_TITLE,
+   LABEL_ALBUM,
+   LABEL_TRACK,
+   LABEL_YEAR,
+   LABEL_GENRE,
+   LABEL_COMMENTS
+};
 
 static const struct
 {
@@ -911,7 +893,8 @@ void TagsEditorDialog::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
 
          mGrid->SetColLabelSize(mGrid->GetDefaultRowSize());
 
-         auto  cs = names();
+         auto  cs = transform_container<wxArrayStringEx>(
+            names, std::mem_fn( &TranslatableString::Translation ) );
 
          // Build the initial (empty) grid
          mGrid->CreateGrid(0, 2);
diff --git a/src/TranslatableStringArray.h b/src/TranslatableStringArray.h
index 5ba428c4b..97f300b24 100644
--- a/src/TranslatableStringArray.h
+++ b/src/TranslatableStringArray.h
@@ -63,6 +63,4 @@ protected:
    ArrayType mContents;
 };
 
-typedef TranslatableArray<wxArrayStringEx> TranslatableStringArray;
-
 #endif
diff --git a/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp b/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
index 9e25203fb..9bf0e5c6b 100644
--- a/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/ChangePitch.cpp
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ void EffectChangePitch::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
 
    wxArrayStringEx pitch;
    for (int ii = 0; ii < 12; ++ii)
-      pitch.push_back( PitchName( ii, PitchNameChoice::Both ) );
+      pitch.push_back( PitchName( ii, PitchNameChoice::Both ).Translation() );
 
    S.SetBorder(5);
 
@@ -265,8 +265,9 @@ void EffectChangePitch::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
       {
          S.AddTitle(_("Change Pitch without Changing Tempo"));
          S.AddTitle(
-            wxString::Format(_("Estimated Start Pitch: %s%d (%.3f Hz)"),
-                              pitch[m_nFromPitch], m_nFromOctave, m_FromFrequency));
+            XO("Estimated Start Pitch: %s%d (%.3f Hz)")
+               .Format( pitch[m_nFromPitch], m_nFromOctave, m_FromFrequency)
+                  .Translation() );
       }
       S.EndVerticalLay();
 
diff --git a/src/effects/Equalization.cpp b/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
index 8f516790b..d6f9273dd 100644
--- a/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
+++ b/src/effects/Equalization.cpp
@@ -3516,8 +3516,8 @@ void EditCurvesDialog::OnRename(wxCommandEvent & WXUNUSED(event))
          bad = false;
          // build the dialog
          AudacityTextEntryDialog dlg( this,
-            wxString::Format( _("Rename '%s' to..."), mEditCurves[ item ].Name ),
-            _("Rename...") );
+            XO("Rename '%s' to...").Format( mEditCurves[ item ].Name ),
+            XO("Rename...") );
          dlg.SetTextValidator( wxFILTER_EXCLUDE_CHAR_LIST );
          dlg.SetName(
             wxString::Format( _("Rename '%s'"), mEditCurves[ item ].Name ) );
diff --git a/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp b/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
index 6c1bd34e5..dc8ae0cc2 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
@@ -1111,20 +1111,22 @@ wxString ExportMultipleDialog::MakeFileName(const wxString &input)
    if(changed)
    {  // need to get user to fix file name
       // build the dialog
-      wxString msg;
+      TranslatableString msg;
       wxString excluded = ::wxJoin( Internat::GetExcludedCharacters(), wxChar(' ') );
       // TODO: For Russian langauge we should have separate cases for 2 and more than 2 letters.
       if( excluded.length() > 1 ){
          // i18n-hint: The second %s gives some letters that can't be used.
-         msg.Printf(_("Label or track \"%s\" is not a legal file name. You cannot use any of: %s\nUse..."), input,
-            excluded);
+         msg = XO(
+"Label or track \"%s\" is not a legal file name. You cannot use any of: %s\nUse...")
+            .Format( input, excluded );
       } else {
          // i18n-hint: The second %s gives a letter that can't be used.
-         msg.Printf(_("Label or track \"%s\" is not a legal file name. You cannot use \"%s\".\nUse..."), input,
-            excluded);
+         msg = XO(
+"Label or track \"%s\" is not a legal file name. You cannot use \"%s\".\nUse...")
+            .Format( input, excluded );
       }
 
-      AudacityTextEntryDialog dlg( this, msg, _("Save As..."), newname );
+      AudacityTextEntryDialog dlg( this, msg, XO("Save As..."), newname );
 
 
       // And tell the validator about excluded chars
diff --git a/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.cpp b/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.cpp
index f60b7bdd2..4c690de9a 100644
--- a/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.cpp
@@ -159,25 +159,17 @@ const TranslatableStrings &SpectrogramSettings::GetScaleNames()
 }
 
 //static
-const wxArrayStringEx &SpectrogramSettings::GetAlgorithmNames()
+const TranslatableStrings &SpectrogramSettings::GetAlgorithmNames()
 {
-   class AlgorithmNamesArray final : public TranslatableStringArray
-   {
-      void Populate() override
-      {
-         mContents.insert( mContents.end(), {
-            // Keep in correspondence with enum SpectrogramSettings::Algorithm:
-            _("Frequencies") ,
-            /* i18n-hint: the Reassignment algorithm for spectrograms */
-            _("Reassignment") ,
-            /* i18n-hint: EAC abbreviates "Enhanced Autocorrelation" */
-            _("Pitch (EAC)") ,
-         } );
-      }
+   static const TranslatableStrings results{
+      // Keep in correspondence with enum SpectrogramSettings::Algorithm:
+      XO("Frequencies") ,
+      /* i18n-hint: the Reassignment algorithm for spectrograms */
+      XO("Reassignment") ,
+      /* i18n-hint: EAC abbreviates "Enhanced Autocorrelation" */
+      XO("Pitch (EAC)") ,
    };
-
-   static AlgorithmNamesArray theArray;
-   return theArray.Get();
+   return results;
 }
 
 bool SpectrogramSettings::Validate(bool quiet)
diff --git a/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.h b/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.h
index ef47aaaf6..14c02ae29 100644
--- a/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.h
+++ b/src/prefs/SpectrogramSettings.h
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public:
    };
 
    static const TranslatableStrings &GetScaleNames();
-   static const wxArrayStringEx &GetAlgorithmNames();
+   static const TranslatableStrings &GetAlgorithmNames();
 
    static SpectrogramSettings &defaults();
    SpectrogramSettings();
diff --git a/src/prefs/SpectrumPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/SpectrumPrefs.cpp
index 7a15e375c..862eeb42b 100644
--- a/src/prefs/SpectrumPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/SpectrumPrefs.cpp
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void SpectrumPrefs::Populate(size_t windowSize)
    PopulatePaddingChoices(windowSize);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < NumWindowFuncs(); i++) {
-      mTypeChoices.push_back(WindowFuncName(i));
+      mTypeChoices.push_back( WindowFuncName(i).Translation() );
    }
 
    //------------------------- Main section --------------------
@@ -242,7 +242,9 @@ void SpectrumPrefs::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
          mAlgorithmChoice =
             S.Id(ID_ALGORITHM).TieChoice(_("A&lgorithm:"),
             mTempSettings.algorithm,
-            SpectrogramSettings::GetAlgorithmNames());
+            transform_container<wxArrayStringEx>(
+               SpectrogramSettings::GetAlgorithmNames(),
+               std::mem_fn( &TranslatableString::Translation ) ) );
 
          S.Id(ID_WINDOW_SIZE).TieChoice(_("Window &size:"),
             mTempSettings.windowSize,
diff --git a/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
index c02b6c80e..25284fc7b 100644
--- a/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ void WaveformPrefs::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
             mScaleChoice =
                S.Id(ID_SCALE).TieChoice(_("S&cale:"),
                   mTempSettings.scaleType,
-                  WaveformSettings::GetScaleNames());
+                  transform_container<wxArrayStringEx>(
+                     WaveformSettings::GetScaleNames(),
+                     std::mem_fn( &TranslatableString::Translation ) ) );
 
             mRangeChoice =
                S.Id(ID_RANGE).TieChoice(_("Waveform dB &range:"),
diff --git a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
index 217c440fa..52a02030b 100644
--- a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
@@ -147,20 +147,14 @@ void WaveformSettings::NextHigherDBRange()
 }
 
 //static
-const wxArrayStringEx &WaveformSettings::GetScaleNames()
+const TranslatableStrings &WaveformSettings::GetScaleNames()
 {
-   class ScaleNamesArray final : public TranslatableStringArray
-   {
-      void Populate() override
-      {
-         // Keep in correspondence with enum WaveTrack::WaveTrackDisplay:
-         mContents.push_back(_("Linear"));
-         mContents.push_back(_("Logarithmic"));
-      }
+   static const TranslatableStrings result{
+      // Keep in correspondence with enum WaveTrack::WaveTrackDisplay:
+      XO("Linear"),
+      XO("Logarithmic"),
    };
-
-   static ScaleNamesArray theArray;
-   return theArray.Get();
+   return result;
 }
 
 WaveformSettings::~WaveformSettings()
diff --git a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.h b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.h
index fb09092dc..25591e6d6 100644
--- a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.h
+++ b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Paul Licameli
 #ifndef __AUDACITY_WAVEFORM_SETTINGS__
 #define __AUDACITY_WAVEFORM_SETTINGS__
 
-class wxArrayStringEx;
+#include "../Internat.h" // for TranslatableStrings
 
 class WaveformSettings
 {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public:
       stNumScaleTypes,
    };
 
-   static const wxArrayStringEx &GetScaleNames();
+   static const TranslatableStrings &GetScaleNames();
 
    ScaleType scaleType;
    int dBRange;
diff --git a/src/tracks/labeltrack/ui/LabelTrackView.cpp b/src/tracks/labeltrack/ui/LabelTrackView.cpp
index a69131eeb..d23fae862 100644
--- a/src/tracks/labeltrack/ui/LabelTrackView.cpp
+++ b/src/tracks/labeltrack/ui/LabelTrackView.cpp
@@ -2085,8 +2085,8 @@ int LabelTrackView::DialogForLabelName(
    position = trackPanel.ClientToScreen(position);
    auto &window = GetProjectFrame( project );
    AudacityTextEntryDialog dialog{ &window,
-      _("Name:"),
-      _("New label"),
+      XO("Name:"),
+      XO("New label"),
       initialValue,
       wxOK | wxCANCEL,
       position };
diff --git a/src/widgets/ErrorDialog.h b/src/widgets/ErrorDialog.h
index 6b57cc672..5b7f43ca8 100644
--- a/src/widgets/ErrorDialog.h
+++ b/src/widgets/ErrorDialog.h
@@ -69,13 +69,14 @@ class AudacityTextEntryDialog : public wxTabTraversalWrapper< wxTextEntryDialog
 public:
     AudacityTextEntryDialog(
          wxWindow *parent,
-         const wxString& message,
-         const wxString& caption, // don't use = wxGetTextFromUserPromptStr,
+         const TranslatableString& message,
+         const TranslatableString& caption, // don't use = wxGetTextFromUserPromptStr,
          const wxString& value = {},
          long style = wxTextEntryDialogStyle,
          const wxPoint& pos = wxDefaultPosition)
-   : wxTabTraversalWrapper< wxTextEntryDialog>
-      ( parent, message, caption, value, style, pos )
+   : wxTabTraversalWrapper< wxTextEntryDialog>(
+      parent,
+      message.Translation(), caption.Translation(), value, style, pos )
    {}
    
    void SetInsertionPointEnd();