diff --git a/src/ShuttleGui.cpp b/src/ShuttleGui.cpp
index 7f084590f..1c265bfa8 100644
--- a/src/ShuttleGui.cpp
+++ b/src/ShuttleGui.cpp
@@ -1908,7 +1908,9 @@ wxChoice * ShuttleGuiBase::TieChoice(
    // Put to prefs does 2 and 3.
    if( DoStep(1) ) DoDataShuttle( SettingName, WrappedRef ); // Get Index from Prefs.
    if( DoStep(1) ) TempIndex = TranslateToIndex( TempStr, InternalChoices ); // To an index
-   if( DoStep(2) ) pChoice = TieChoice( Prompt, TempIndex, Choices ); // Get/Put index from GUI.
+   if( DoStep(2) )
+      pChoice = TieChoice( Prompt, TempIndex,
+         transform_container<wxArrayStringEx>(Choices, GetCustomTranslation) );
    if( DoStep(3) ) TempStr = TranslateFromIndex( TempIndex, InternalChoices ); // To a string
    if( DoStep(3) ) DoDataShuttle( SettingName, WrappedRef ); // Put into Prefs.
    return pChoice;
diff --git a/src/export/Export.cpp b/src/export/Export.cpp
index 4465426e0..ac29957c0 100644
--- a/src/export/Export.cpp
+++ b/src/export/Export.cpp
@@ -153,11 +153,16 @@ wxString ExportPlugin::GetFormat(int index)
    return mFormatInfos[index].mFormat;
 }
 
-wxString ExportPlugin::GetDescription(int index)
+wxString ExportPlugin::GetUntranslatedDescription(int index)
 {
    return mFormatInfos[index].mDescription;
 }
 
+wxString ExportPlugin::GetTranslatedDescription(int index)
+{
+   return GetCustomTranslation( GetUntranslatedDescription( index ) );
+}
+
 FileExtension ExportPlugin::GetExtension(int index)
 {
    return mFormatInfos[index].mExtensions[0];
@@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ wxString ExportPlugin::GetMask(int index)
       return mFormatInfos[index].mMask;
    }
 
-   wxString mask = GetDescription(index) + wxT("|");
+   wxString mask = GetTranslatedDescription(index) + wxT("|");
 
    // Build the mask
    // const auto &ext = GetExtension(index);
diff --git a/src/export/Export.h b/src/export/Export.h
index 3692cbbc4..e735dd916 100644
--- a/src/export/Export.h
+++ b/src/export/Export.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class AUDACITY_DLL_API FormatInfo
       ~FormatInfo() {}
 
       wxString mFormat;
-      wxString mDescription;
+      wxString mDescription; // untranslated
       // wxString mExtension;
       FileExtensions mExtensions;
       wxString mMask;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public:
 
    int AddFormat();
    void SetFormat(const wxString & format, int index);
-   void SetDescription(const wxString & description, int index);
+   void SetDescription(const wxString & description /* untranslated */, int index);
    void AddExtension(const wxString &extension,int index);
    void SetExtensions(FileExtensions extensions, int index);
    void SetMask(const wxString & mask, int index);
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ public:
 
    virtual int GetFormatCount();
    virtual wxString GetFormat(int index);
-   virtual wxString GetDescription(int index);
+   wxString GetUntranslatedDescription(int index);
+   wxString GetTranslatedDescription(int index);
    /** @brief Return the (first) file name extension for the sub-format.
     * @param index The sub-format for which the extension is wanted */
    virtual FileExtension GetExtension(int index = 0);
diff --git a/src/export/ExportCL.cpp b/src/export/ExportCL.cpp
index deacf9158..0b68fb7fb 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportCL.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportCL.cpp
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ ExportCL::ExportCL()
    AddExtension(wxT(""),0);
    SetMaxChannels(255,0);
    SetCanMetaData(false,0);
-   SetDescription(_("(external program)"),0);
+   SetDescription(XO("(external program)"),0);
 }
 
 ProgressResult ExportCL::Export(AudacityProject *project,
diff --git a/src/export/ExportFFmpeg.cpp b/src/export/ExportFFmpeg.cpp
index aa7cdebef..3e13610fc 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportFFmpeg.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportFFmpeg.cpp
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ ExportFFmpeg::ExportFFmpeg()
       }
 
       SetMaxChannels(ExportFFmpegOptions::fmts[newfmt].maxchannels,fmtindex);
-      SetDescription(ExportFFmpegOptions::fmts[newfmt].Description(), fmtindex);
+      SetDescription(ExportFFmpegOptions::fmts[newfmt].description_, fmtindex);
 
       int canmeta = ExportFFmpegOptions::fmts[newfmt].canmetadata;
       if (canmeta && (canmeta == AV_CANMETA || canmeta <= avfver))
diff --git a/src/export/ExportFLAC.cpp b/src/export/ExportFLAC.cpp
index f5bfb1b46..a3956a0dd 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportFLAC.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportFLAC.cpp
@@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ void ExportFLACOptions::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
    };
 
    wxArrayStringEx flacLevelNames{
-      _("0 (fastest)") ,
-      _("1") ,
-      _("2") ,
-      _("3") ,
-      _("4") ,
-      _("5") ,
-      _("6") ,
-      _("7") ,
-      _("8 (best)") ,
+      XO("0 (fastest)") ,
+      XO("1") ,
+      XO("2") ,
+      XO("3") ,
+      XO("4") ,
+      XO("5") ,
+      XO("6") ,
+      XO("7") ,
+      XO("8 (best)") ,
    };
 
    wxArrayStringEx flacBitDepthLabels{
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ void ExportFLACOptions::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
    };
 
    wxArrayStringEx flacBitDepthNames{
-      _("16 bit") ,
-      _("24 bit") ,
+      XO("16 bit") ,
+      XO("24 bit") ,
    };
 
    S.StartVerticalLay();
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ ExportFLAC::ExportFLAC()
    AddExtension(wxT("flac"),0);
    SetMaxChannels(FLAC__MAX_CHANNELS,0);
    SetCanMetaData(true,0);
-   SetDescription(_("FLAC Files"),0);
+   SetDescription(XO("FLAC Files"),0);
 }
 
 ProgressResult ExportFLAC::Export(AudacityProject *project,
diff --git a/src/export/ExportMP2.cpp b/src/export/ExportMP2.cpp
index 3586f9a22..934cb0f7a 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportMP2.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportMP2.cpp
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ ExportMP2::ExportMP2()
    AddExtension(wxT("mp2"),0);
    SetMaxChannels(2,0);
    SetCanMetaData(true,0);
-   SetDescription(_("MP2 Files"),0);
+   SetDescription(XO("MP2 Files"),0);
 }
 
 ProgressResult ExportMP2::Export(AudacityProject *project,
diff --git a/src/export/ExportMP3.cpp b/src/export/ExportMP3.cpp
index 17b58d745..af84b4f55 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportMP3.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportMP3.cpp
@@ -1684,7 +1684,7 @@ ExportMP3::ExportMP3()
    AddExtension(wxT("mp3"),0);
    SetMaxChannels(2,0);
    SetCanMetaData(true,0);
-   SetDescription(_("MP3 Files"),0);
+   SetDescription(XO("MP3 Files"),0);
 }
 
 bool ExportMP3::CheckFileName(wxFileName & WXUNUSED(filename), int WXUNUSED(format))
diff --git a/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp b/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
index 101a27c3d..3280eea36 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportMultiple.cpp
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ void ExportMultiple::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui& S)
          ++i;
          for (int j = 0; j < pPlugin->GetFormatCount(); j++)
          {
-            formats.push_back(mPlugins[i]->GetDescription(j));
+            formats.push_back(mPlugins[i]->GetUntranslatedDescription(j));
             if (mPlugins[i]->GetFormat(j) == defaultFormat) {
                mPluginIndex = i;
                mSubFormatIndex = j;
diff --git a/src/export/ExportOGG.cpp b/src/export/ExportOGG.cpp
index c1247d82a..7b9dbd34b 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportOGG.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportOGG.cpp
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ ExportOGG::ExportOGG()
    AddExtension(wxT("ogg"),0);
    SetMaxChannels(255,0);
    SetCanMetaData(true,0);
-   SetDescription(_("Ogg Vorbis Files"),0);
+   SetDescription(XO("Ogg Vorbis Files"),0);
 }
 
 ProgressResult ExportOGG::Export(AudacityProject *project,
diff --git a/src/export/ExportPCM.cpp b/src/export/ExportPCM.cpp
index 8e2c8049b..dab78edd3 100644
--- a/src/export/ExportPCM.cpp
+++ b/src/export/ExportPCM.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct
 {
    int format;
    const wxChar *name;
-   const wxChar *desc;
+   const wxChar *desc; // untranslated
 }
 static const kFormats[] =
 {
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ ExportPCM::ExportPCM()
 
       SetFormat(kFormats[i].name, format);
       SetCanMetaData(true, format);
-      SetDescription(wxGetTranslation(kFormats[i].desc), format);
+      SetDescription(kFormats[i].desc, format);
       AddExtension(ext, format);
       SetMaxChannels(si.channels - 1, format);
    }
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ ExportPCM::ExportPCM()
    format = AddFormat() - 1;  // store the index = 1 less than the count
    SetFormat(wxT("LIBSNDFILE"), format);
    SetCanMetaData(true, format);
-   SetDescription(_("Other uncompressed files"), format);
+   SetDescription(XO("Other uncompressed files"), format);
    auto allext = sf_get_all_extensions();
    wxString wavext = sf_header_extension(SF_FORMAT_WAV);   // get WAV ext.
 #if defined(wxMSW)
diff --git a/src/prefs/EffectsPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/EffectsPrefs.cpp
index 2a3d319c7..68dfff210 100644
--- a/src/prefs/EffectsPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/EffectsPrefs.cpp
@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ void EffectsPrefs::PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S)
       S.StartMultiColumn(2);
       {
          wxArrayStringEx visualgroups{
-            _("Sorted by Effect Name") ,
-            _("Sorted by Publisher and Effect Name") ,
-            _("Sorted by Type and Effect Name") ,
-            _("Grouped by Publisher") ,
-            _("Grouped by Type") ,
+            XO("Sorted by Effect Name") ,
+            XO("Sorted by Publisher and Effect Name") ,
+            XO("Sorted by Type and Effect Name") ,
+            XO("Grouped by Publisher") ,
+            XO("Grouped by Type") ,
          };
 
          wxArrayStringEx prefsgroups{
diff --git a/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.cpp
index b329a6fc8..fb7c8c159 100644
--- a/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.cpp
@@ -67,37 +67,41 @@ wxString GUIPrefs::HelpPageName()
 }
 
 void GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(
-   wxArrayStringEx *pChoices, wxArrayStringEx *pCodes)
+   wxArrayStringEx *pChoicesUntranslated,
+   wxArrayStringEx *pChoicesTranslated,
+   wxArrayStringEx *pCodes
+)
 {
-   if (pCodes) {
-      auto &codes = *pCodes;
-      codes.clear();
-      codes.insert( codes.end(), {
-         wxT("36") ,
-         wxT("48") ,
-         wxT("60") ,
-         wxT("72") ,
-         wxT("84") ,
-         wxT("96") ,
-         wxT("120") ,
-         wxT("145") ,
-      } );
-   }
+   static const auto sCodes = {
+      wxT("36") ,
+      wxT("48") ,
+      wxT("60") ,
+      wxT("72") ,
+      wxT("84") ,
+      wxT("96") ,
+      wxT("120") ,
+      wxT("145") ,
+   };
+   if (pCodes)
+      *pCodes = sCodes;
 
-   if (pChoices) {
-      auto &choices = *pChoices;
-      choices.clear();
-      choices.insert( choices.end(), {
-         _("-36 dB (shallow range for high-amplitude editing)") ,
-         _("-48 dB (PCM range of 8 bit samples)") ,
-         _("-60 dB (PCM range of 10 bit samples)") ,
-         _("-72 dB (PCM range of 12 bit samples)") ,
-         _("-84 dB (PCM range of 14 bit samples)") ,
-         _("-96 dB (PCM range of 16 bit samples)") ,
-         _("-120 dB (approximate limit of human hearing)") ,
-         _("-145 dB (PCM range of 24 bit samples)") ,
-      } );
-   }
+   static const auto sChoices = {
+      XO("-36 dB (shallow range for high-amplitude editing)") ,
+      XO("-48 dB (PCM range of 8 bit samples)") ,
+      XO("-60 dB (PCM range of 10 bit samples)") ,
+      XO("-72 dB (PCM range of 12 bit samples)") ,
+      XO("-84 dB (PCM range of 14 bit samples)") ,
+      XO("-96 dB (PCM range of 16 bit samples)") ,
+      XO("-120 dB (approximate limit of human hearing)") ,
+      XO("-145 dB (PCM range of 24 bit samples)") ,
+   };
+
+   if (pChoicesUntranslated)
+      *pChoicesUntranslated = sChoices;
+
+   if (pChoicesTranslated)
+      *pChoicesTranslated =
+         transform_container<wxArrayStringEx>( sChoices, GetCustomTranslation );
 }
 
 void GUIPrefs::Populate()
@@ -114,8 +118,8 @@ void GUIPrefs::Populate()
 
    mHtmlHelpChoices.clear();
    auto values2 = {
-      _("Local") ,
-      _("From Internet") ,
+      XO("Local") ,
+      XO("From Internet") ,
    };
    mHtmlHelpChoices.insert( mHtmlHelpChoices.end(), values2 );
 
@@ -131,17 +135,17 @@ void GUIPrefs::Populate()
    mThemeChoices.clear();
    mThemeChoices.insert( mThemeChoices.end(), {
       /* i18n-hint: describing the "classic" or traditional appearance of older versions of Audacity */
-       _("Classic")  ,
+       XO("Classic")  ,
       /* i18n-hint: Light meaning opposite of dark */
-       _("Light")  ,
-       _("Dark")  ,
+       XO("Light")  ,
+       XO("Dark")  ,
       /* i18n-hint: greater difference between foreground and background colors */
-       _("High Contrast")  ,
+       XO("High Contrast")  ,
       /* i18n-hint: user defined */
-       _("Custom")  ,
+       XO("Custom")  ,
    } );
 
-   GetRangeChoices(&mRangeChoices, &mRangeCodes);
+   GetRangeChoices(&mRangeChoices, nullptr, &mRangeCodes);
 
 #if 0
    mLangCodes.insert( mLangCodes.end(), {
diff --git a/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.h b/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.h
index c97f25ada..4157b225e 100644
--- a/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.h
+++ b/src/prefs/GUIPrefs.h
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ class GUIPrefs final : public PrefsPanel
    void PopulateOrExchange(ShuttleGui & S) override;
 
    static void GetRangeChoices(
-      wxArrayStringEx *pChoices, wxArrayStringEx *pCodes);
+      wxArrayStringEx *pChoicesUntranslated,
+      wxArrayStringEx *pChoicesTranslated,
+      wxArrayStringEx *pCodes);
 
    // If no input language given, defaults first to choice in preferences, then
    // to system language.
diff --git a/src/prefs/QualityPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/QualityPrefs.cpp
index 21c40190d..8d507c3b9 100644
--- a/src/prefs/QualityPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/QualityPrefs.cpp
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ void QualityPrefs::GetNamesAndLabels()
       mSampleRateNames.push_back(wxString::Format(wxT("%i Hz"), iRate));
    }
 
-   mSampleRateNames.push_back(_("Other..."));
+   mSampleRateNames.push_back(XO("Other..."));
 
    // The label for the 'Other...' case can be any value at all.
    mSampleRateLabels.push_back(44100); // If chosen, this value will be overwritten
diff --git a/src/prefs/TracksBehaviorsPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/TracksBehaviorsPrefs.cpp
index 17992b477..eadad7463 100644
--- a/src/prefs/TracksBehaviorsPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/TracksBehaviorsPrefs.cpp
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ void TracksBehaviorsPrefs::Populate()
    mSoloCodes.push_back(wxT("Multi"));
    mSoloCodes.push_back(wxT("None"));
 
-   mSoloChoices.push_back(_("Simple"));
-   mSoloChoices.push_back(_("Multi-track"));
-   mSoloChoices.push_back(_("None"));
+   mSoloChoices.push_back(XO("Simple"));
+   mSoloChoices.push_back(XO("Multi-track"));
+   mSoloChoices.push_back(XO("None"));
 
    //------------------------- Main section --------------------
    // Now construct the GUI itself.
diff --git a/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp b/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
index 56b295b1c..e70df6c19 100644
--- a/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/WaveformPrefs.cpp
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ enum {
 void WaveformPrefs::Populate()
 {
    // Reuse the same choices and codes as for Interface prefs
-   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(&mRangeChoices, &mRangeCodes);
+   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(nullptr, &mRangeChoices, &mRangeCodes);
 
    //------------------------- Main section --------------------
    // Now construct the GUI itself.
diff --git a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
index f5ed8ebfe..217c440fa 100644
--- a/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
+++ b/src/prefs/WaveformSettings.cpp
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ void WaveformSettings::ConvertToEnumeratedDBRange()
 {
    // Assumes the codes are in ascending sequence.
    wxArrayStringEx codes;
-   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(NULL, &codes);
+   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(nullptr, nullptr, &codes);
    int ii = 0;
    for (int nn = codes.size(); ii < nn; ++ii) {
       long value = 0;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void WaveformSettings::ConvertToEnumeratedDBRange()
 void WaveformSettings::ConvertToActualDBRange()
 {
    wxArrayStringEx codes;
-   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(NULL, &codes);
+   GUIPrefs::GetRangeChoices(nullptr, nullptr, &codes);
    long value = 0;
    codes[std::max(0, std::min((int)(codes.size()) - 1, dBRange))]
       .ToLong(&value);